Мухомор пантерный алтайский сушеные шляпки (amanita pantherina)

Panther fly agaric: biochemical composition, where it grows, contraindications. Use of the mushroom in medicine and biohacking.

Content:

1. What does it look like, where does it grow, how to recognize it in the forest

2. Chemical composition and potential beneficial properties. Main components

2.1 Ibotenic acid, mechanism of conversion to muscimol, quantitative content in the mushroom, effect on the body before and after drying

2.2 Muscazone: pharmacological features

2.3 Bufotenin: Therapeutic effect and symptom relief

2.4 Muscarufin: meaning and influence on humans

2.5 Mycoatropine: pharmacological properties, mechanism of action on the central nervous system

2.6 Scopolamine: what is this substance, its action

2.7 Hyoscyamine: therapeutic effect on the central nervous system, toxic effects

3. Research into the beneficial properties of panther fly agaric in the USSR and Europe.

3.1 Risks and contraindications

3.2 Examples of use in modern medicine

3.3 Panther fly agaric - a trend in biohacking

4 Panther MHM in the fight against addictions and depression

5 Let's compare the composition of red and panther fly agarics

1. Biological diversity of the panther fly agaric

The panther fly agaric (Amanita pantherina) stands out among the representatives of the genus Amanita due to its characteristic appearance. The mushroom cap, up to 12 cm in diameter, is painted in brown tones with white spots, which are the remains of the veil. This coloring makes the mushroom easily recognizable among other forest species. Under the cap there are white plates, and the stem of the mushroom is decorated with a ring and has a tuberous base. Such features not only help to distinguish the panther fly agaric from other mushrooms, but also play a significant role in its life cycle.

The fly agaric plays an important role in the ecosystem, especially in forest biomes. This mushroom forms mycorrhiza with tree roots, which helps improve their mineral nutrition and resistance to adverse conditions.

It can be found in the nearest forest - coniferous, deciduous, mixed, broad-leaved. But it is not recommended to pick and eat fresh mushrooms. Only properly grown and processed mushrooms, as well as carefully verified dosage are safe and useful. Amateur activity in this matter can be fraught with serious poisoning.

The panther fly agaric is relatively small - the cap is brown in color in the form of a convex sphere with a diameter of 11 cm, the stem is 2.5 cm. On the surface of a mature mushroom there are small flakes.

The mycosis of the fungus is closely intertwined with the roots of nearby trees. The most desirable environment for the panther fly agaric is alkaline soil near oak, beech, pine, which grow in a moderate climate, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.

In addition, the panther fly agaric actively participates in the decomposition of organic matter, promoting the formation of humus and improving the soil structure. These processes make it a key component in maintaining the health of forest ecosystems. The interaction of the panther fly agaric with other organisms is manifested in its symbiotic relationships with trees and the influence on soil microbial communities. The fungus provides plants with access to poorly soluble mineral substances, receiving in return carbohydrates synthesized during photosynthesis. In addition, the panther fly agaric can affect the composition and activity of soil microorganisms, promoting their diversity and stability.

It can be found in the nearest forest - coniferous, deciduous, mixed, broad-leaved. But it is not recommended to pick and eat fresh mushrooms. Only properly grown and processed mushrooms, as well as carefully verified dosage are safe and useful. Amateur activity in this matter can be fraught with serious poisoning.

The panther fly agaric is relatively small - the cap is brown in color in the form of a convex sphere with a diameter of 11 cm, the stem is 2.5 cm. On the surface of a mature mushroom there are small flakes.

The mycosis of the fungus is closely intertwined with the roots of nearby trees. The most desirable environment for the panther fly agaric is alkaline soil near oak, beech, pine, which grow in a moderate climate, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.

1.1 Distribution of panther fly agaric in nature

The panther fly agaric (Amanita pantherina) has a wide distribution area, covering the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. This mushroom is found in Europe, Asia, and North America, which indicates its high adaptability to various climatic conditions. Such geographical diversity makes the panther fly agaric an important object of research for understanding its ecological role and potential beneficial properties. At the same time, 160 countries in the world are already engaged in organic farming, and in Russia, national standards in this area are being developed (Starovoytova, 2015. 3 p.). This indicates a growing interest in environmentally sustainable practices, which may also be reflected in the study of mushrooms, such as the panther fly agaric, and their role in ecosystems. The panther fly agaric prefers acidic, sandy soils, which determines its frequent presence in forests with a predominance of coniferous and deciduous trees. These conditions contribute to the formation of symbiotic relationships with trees, which supports the successful development of the fungus. The panther fly agaric plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance, participating in the processes of decomposition of organic matter and improving the soil structure. At the same time, as Korodetsky notes, “many poisonous plants become cult plants and are used in rituals” (Korodetsky, 2005, p. 10), which emphasizes the significance of the panther fly agaric not only in ecosystems, but also in cultural contexts.

One of the most noticeable features of the panther mushroom is its spotted cap, covered in white, flake-like formations. This feature distinguishes it from other members of the genus Amanita, such as the red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), which has a bright red cap with white spots. Such differences not only help in visual identification of species, but also contribute to a deeper understanding of their ecological role and adaptation mechanisms.

2. Chemical composition and potential beneficial properties. Main components

The panther fly agaric, like many other mushrooms, has a complex chemical composition that includes a variety of compounds. The main groups of these compounds can be divided into biologically active substances, such as isoxazole compounds, and nutritional components, including proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. Such a diversity of chemical elements makes the panther fly agaric an object of interest for studying its properties and possible uses. The key active substances of the panther fly agaric are isoxazole compounds, including muscimol and ibotenic acid. These substances have a neurotropic effect, affecting the central nervous system. However, their properties depend on the dosage and method of application, which requires a thorough approach to studying their effects on the human body. The content of active substances in the panther fly agaric varies depending on the age of the mushroom and its growing conditions. The concentration of muscimol and ibotenic acid varies in different parts of the fruiting body, which affects its properties and potential use for medicinal and other purposes.

2.1 What is ibotenic acid?

Ibotenic acid - It is a naturally occurring neurotoxic alkaloid found in some members of the genus Amanita, including the panther mushroom (Amanita pantherina). Chemically, it can be considered a structural analogue of the amino acid glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Due to its structure, ibotenic acid has the ability to activate NMDA receptors, which can lead to excessive stimulation of neurons (excitotoxicity) at high concentrations.

• Conversion of ibotenic acid to muscimol. Conversion mechanism:

Ibotenic acid is a precursor of muscimol. Under certain conditions (such as heating, prolonged storage, or drying), it undergoes decarboxylation, a process in which the –COOH group is removed as carbon dioxide. This process produces muscimol, a neurotoxin that is the main psychoactive component of dried panther mushroom.

Conversion value: When fresh mushrooms are consumed, the content of ibotenic acid is significantly higher, and its toxic profile dominates. Dried mushrooms are characterized by an increased content of muscimol, which has a slightly different spectrum of effects, shifting the toxic picture towards a more pronounced sedative and hallucinogenic effect.

• Content of ibotenic acid in panther fly agaric. Quantitative indicators:

The content of ibotenic acid in panther fly agaric may vary depending on the region of growth, season, age of the mushroom and other environmental factors. In fresh mushroom material, the concentration of ibotenic acid is usually significantly higher compared to muscimol, since the decarboxylation process is not yet complete. The exact values can range from several hundred micrograms to several milligrams per gram of raw material, but the literature shows wide variations in these data. Usually, scientific papers indicate that the content can reach about 1-2% of dry weight, but this value depends on the specific sample and analysis methods.

• Pharmacological effects on the body

A) The action of ibotenic acid in fresh mushroom:

When fresh panther mushroom is consumed, where ibotenic acid predominates, the main action is associated with its agonist effect on NMDA receptors and other properties similar to stimulants.

Clinical effects may include: Extreme neuronal excitation, leading to increased neural activity, anxiety, and even seizures at high doses. Nausea, vomiting, confusion, and disorientation. – Symptoms associated with excitotoxicity, such as headaches and muscle spasms, may occur. • These effects are due to the fact that the fresh mushroom contains a high proportion of ibotenic acid, which has not yet changed its neurotoxic profile before conversion.

B) Action of muscimol after drying:

When the mushroom is dried, a significant portion of ibotenic acid is decarboxylated into muscimol. Muscimol acts as an active agonist of GABA-A receptors, the main inhibitory receptors in the brain, which leads to a decrease in nervous activity.

The clinical picture of muscimol effects may include: sedation, relaxation, drowsiness, and decreased central nervous system activity. Perceptual changes, hallucinations, a sense of space and time distortion, and euphoria. Impaired motor coordination, a feeling of being "disconnected" or dissociated. Due to its effect on inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, muscimol often results in a more "inhibited" and relaxed picture of intoxication compared to the stimulating effect of ibotenic acid.

B) Let's compare the effects BEFORE and AFTER drying the mushroom:

Ibotenic acid is the main toxic component of fresh panther fly agaric, structurally similar to glutamate and capable of causing excitation and excitotoxicity. When the mushroom is dried, a significant portion of it is converted into muscimol by decarboxylation. The final content of ibotenic acid in the mushroom material depends on many factors, and usually its proportion is higher in the fresh state, which causes pronounced stimulating and toxic effects. After drying, due to the transformation into muscimol, the effect on the body shifts towards sedative, inhibitory effects, which leads to an altered psychoemotional state and a decrease in the activity of the central nervous system.

Let's take a closer look at muscazone, bufotenin, muscarufin, scopolamine, hyoscyamine and mycoatropine: their origin, pharmacological features

2.2 MUSCAZONE

Muscazon – is one of the biologically active compounds found in the panther fly agaric, which is formed as a result of the breakdown of ibotenic acid under the influence of ultraviolet light and the interaction of active substances of the fungi. Although the study of its properties is at an early stage, several key aspects can be highlighted:

Biochemical origin of muscazone:

Panther fly agaric contains known substances – ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are responsible for its neuroactive action. During the drying process and natural oxidative transformation, some of these components can be transformed into other substances, one of which is muscazone. Thus, muscazone is considered a metabolic product that occurs as a result of chemical transformations occurring in the mushroom substance.

Pharmacological properties of muscazone:

Muscazone has neuroactive properties, and its effects are associated with interactions with receptors of the central nervous system, including GABA receptors, which is typical for a group of fly agaric compounds. Some studies and observations indicate that muscazone can have a sedative or hypnotic effect, as well as affect perception, but the actual effects require additional scientific confirmation.

2.3 BUFOTENIN

Bufotenin – is one of the active alkaloids found in the panther fly agaric. It belongs to the group of indole alkaloids and is structurally a derivative of 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Due to its molecular structure, bufotenin is able to interact with serotonin receptors of the central nervous system, which determines its psychoactive properties.

Key aspects of bufotenin in panther fly agaric:

Biochemical essence of bufotenin:

• Bufotenin is found not only in mushrooms, but also in some plants and even in the secretions of some animals

• In panther fly agaric, its quantity depends on the species, growing conditions and processing method, for example, drying.

• Its presence, along with substances such as ibotenic acid and muscimol, forms the complex psychoactive and pharmacological profile of the mushroom.

Mechanism of action of bufotenin

• Bufotenin binds to various types of serotonin receptors, including 5-HT2A, which may contribute to modulation of mood, perception, and emotional state.

• Due to this connection, it is able to alter signal transmission in the nervous system, which explains the observed psychoactive effects when using substances containing bufotenin.

Potential therapeutic effects of bufotenin and symptom relief

It is important to understand that research into the use of bufotenin for therapeutic purposes is in its early stages. However, the following areas are highlighted where bufotenin may potentially help relieve symptoms:

a) Depressive states and anxiety disorders

• Some evidence suggests that substances that interact with the serotonin system may improve mood and reduce anxiety.

• Within the framework of psychedelic therapy, drugs based on such compounds are being studied to correct the symptoms of depression, especially when traditional antidepressants are not effective enough.

b) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

• In limited clinical studies, psychedelics have shown potential in processing traumatic memories and reframing negative experiences.

• Under the supervision of specialists and in controlled conditions, such substances may help relieve PTSD symptoms, although the exact mechanisms of action of bufotenin remain the subject of further research.

c) Neuropathic and chronic pain

• There is preliminary evidence that, through its effects on neurotransmitter systems, bufotenin may modulate pain perception to some extent.

• However, scientific evidence to support its pain-relieving effect is still insufficient and further research is needed.

Precautionary measures

• Despite the promise, it is important to emphasize that bufotenine is a powerful psychoactive substance and its uncontrolled use can lead to unwanted side effects such as disorientation, mood swings, perceptual disturbances and other reactions.

• Products containing bufotenin (eg dried panther mushrooms) require strict dosage control and quality processing to minimize health risks.

• Any use of such substances for therapeutic purposes should be carried out exclusively under the supervision of qualified specialists.

As a result, bufotenin is one of the components of the complex chemical profile of the panther fly agaric, which has a significant effect on the functioning of the central nervous system. At the same time, its use in the treatment of disease symptoms should be carried out with special caution and under the supervision of specialists in order to avoid side effects and ensure the necessary safety for the patient.

2.4 MUSCARUFINE

Muscarufin – is an alkaloid found in the panther mushroom, which is a compound with cholinergic action. It is a substance that can interact with muscarinic receptors (i.e., acetylcholine receptors), resulting in stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

The main aspects related to muscarufin in panther fly agaric:

1. Chemical nature and mechanism of action

• Muscarufin is similar in action to muscarine: it is able to activate cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors, which leads to increased salivation, decreased heart rate, spasms of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and other effects characteristic of stimulation of the parasympathetic system.

• Its effects differ from the neuroactive effects of ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are dominant in this mushroom, and may contribute additional effects to the overall clinical picture of poisoning.

Amount of muscaruphine in panther fly agaric

• The muscarufin content of panther fly agaric is usually at trace levels. According to available studies, it usually amounts to only a few micrograms per gram of dry mushroom substance (i.e., fractions of a percent – often less than 0.01–0.02% of the dry sample weight).

• Exact figures may vary depending on the specific mushroom specimen, geographical growing conditions, stage of maturity and processing method (e.g. drying).

The meaning and influence of muscarufin

• Due to its affinity for classical muscarine, muscarufin can cause symptoms typical of parasympathetic stimulation, such as increased salivation, sweating, decreased pulse, gastrointestinal spasms and vasodilation.

• In combination with other active substances of the panther fly agaric (ibotenic acid and muscimol), this component can contribute to the overall picture of the toxic and psychoactive effects of the mushroom.

• Due to the extremely low concentration of muscarufin, the focus in poisonings and research is usually on the most active components, such as ibotenic acid and muscimol.

Ethan, muscarufin is a substance that exhibits cholinergic effects by activating muscarinic receptors. Although its toxicological profile is of concern when dosed imprecisely, the potential therapeutic effects resulting from its mechanism of action have attracted the attention of researchers.

Below is a detailed description of possible areas of application and relief of symptoms associated with the effects of muscarufin:

1. Stimulation of gland secretion

• Activation of muscarinic receptors in the salivary glands may promote increased saliva production, which is beneficial in conditions of dry mouth (xerostomia), such as in patients with Sjogren's syndrome or in those taking medications that reduce salivary secretion.

• A similar effect is already used in therapy using other cholinomimetics (for example, pilocarpine), so hypothetically muscarufin, with the correct dosage, may have a similar effect.

2. Improving gastrointestinal functions

• Muscarinic receptors affect the functioning of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, promoting increased peristalsis and secretion of digestive juices.

• It may relieve symptoms of conditions such as gastroparesis or chronic constipation where increased bowel motility is required

• It is important to note that the use of direct stimulants requires careful dosage control to avoid spasms and hypersecretion, which can lead to discomfort.

3. Regulation of the cardiovascular system

• Activation of the parasympathetic system via muscarinic receptors may result in decreased heart rate and potential vasodilation

• In theory, it may help in conditions associated with sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. However, such effects should be carefully investigated, as excessive exposure may lead to bradycardia and hypotension.

4. Possible impact on cognitive functions

• Some studies of cholinergic agents suggest that stimulation of muscarinic receptors may help improve cognitive processes and memory

• Because cholinergic transmission deficits have been linked to neurodegenerative conditions (eg, Alzheimer's disease), researchers are considering developing agents that target cholinergic activity

• Although muscarufin as a substance is found in mushrooms in trace amounts, its structural similarity to other cholinergic compounds provides a hypothetical basis for future research in this area.

5. Limitations and precautions

• It should be emphasized that most of the potential therapeutic effects of muscarufin remain at the level of hypotheses and preliminary theoretical calculations.

• Naturally, the risk of developing side effects (such as excessive salivation, dizziness, gastrointestinal spasms, changes in heart rhythm) requires an extremely cautious approach to its use for therapeutic purposes.

• Muscarufin is not currently used in clinical practice and further studies are needed to determine safe doses, select appropriate delivery forms and assess the risk/benefit ratio.

The potential therapeutic effects of muscarufin are based on its ability to activate muscarinic receptors, which may lead to improved gland secretion, increased gastrointestinal motility, regulation of the cardiovascular system, and even a possible positive effect on cognitive functions. However, all of these areas require further scientific research before it can be said that muscarufin is safe and effective to use in medicine. The use of such substances should be carried out exclusively in strictly controlled conditions under the supervision of specialists to avoid unwanted effects.

2.5 MYCOATROPINE

Mycoatropine – is one of the biologically active components found in the panther fly agaric (Amanita pantherina). It is characterized by pronounced anticholinergic properties, which explains its pharmacological action when ingested. It should be noted that the amount of mycoatropine in mushrooms can vary depending on the ecology, season and specific mushroom sample, but it is usually present in small (trace) doses - about several milligrams per kilogram of raw material. Despite its low concentration, even insignificant amounts can have a noticeable effect on the human body. Below is a detailed description of the pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of mycoatropine.

Amount of substance in panther fly agaric

• The exact concentrations of mycoatropine depend on many factors – the species, maturity of the mushroom, environmental conditions.

• We can talk about the level of the substance in small doses (from units to several milligrams per kilogram of raw material), which is typical for natural toxins, where the effect is manifested even with a relatively low amount of the substance.

Pharmacological properties

• Anticholinergic action: mycoatropine is a competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors. This means that it prevents the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, to the corresponding receptors.

• Antispasmodic effect: By blocking receptors on the smooth muscles of internal organs (for example, the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract), mycoatropine helps to relax muscle tone, which helps reduce spasms.

• Secretory effect: Blocking acetylcholine receptors leads to a decrease in the secretion of salivary, gastric and some other glands, which can be used therapeutically, but in conditions of poisoning leads to dry mouth and other mucous membranes.

• Effect on the cardiovascular system: A decrease in parasympathetic activity can lead to increased heart rate (tachycardia) and changes in blood pressure.

• When mycoatropine enters the central nervous system, it can have a sedative effect that impairs cognitive processes, and in case of significant overdose, it can cause hallucinations, confusion, and other signs of agitation.

Mechanism of action on human organs

• At the cellular level, mycoatropine acts as a competitive antagonist, binding to muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3, etc.) and preventing their normal activation by acetylcholine.

• When M1 receptors are blocked in the central nervous system, signal transmission is disrupted, which can lead to an altered state of consciousness, confusion, dizziness, and even hallucinations.

• In peripheral tissues (for example, in the walls of the intestine, bronchi, or vascular smooth muscles), a decrease in the activity of the parasympathetic system leads to muscle relaxation, weakening of peristalsis, decreased secretion of glands, and vasodilation.

• Blockade of M2 receptors located in heart muscle cells can contribute to an increase in heart rate (tachycardia).

• Interference with normal cholinergic transmission also causes an antisecretory effect, which can be both therapeutic (for example, with hypersecretion) and pathological in case of overdose – accompanied by dry mouth, digestive disorders and other side effects.

In summary, mycoatropine from panther fly agaric is a powerful anticholinergic agent that can significantly affect the body even in small quantities. Its mechanism of action is based on competitive blocking of muscarinic receptors, which leads to a number of effects on various organs - from smooth muscle relaxation and decreased secretion to effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular activity. In the event of poisoning or the use of such substances, it is important to consider the complex effect of the entire composition of the active components of the mushrooms and to take precautions.

2.6 SCOPOLAMINE

Scolopamine is an alkaloid belonging to the tropane group, which has pronounced anticholinergic properties. It is primarily known as a component of plants of the nightshade family (e.g., belladonna, datura), but some studies have reported its detection in trace amounts in the panther fly agaric (Amanita pantherina). It should be noted that the main toxic substances of the panther fly agaric are traditionally considered to be ibotenic acid and muscimol, and the content of scopolamine, if present, is usually very low. Below is a detailed description of scopolamine, its pharmacological properties and mechanism of action on the human body, taking into account its detection in the panther fly agaric:

What is Scopolamine - is a natural tropane alkaloid characterized by a pronounced ability to block the effects of acetylcholine at the cellular level. In traditional medicine, scopolamine is used for its sedative, antiemetic and antispasmodic effects, but can also cause pronounced psychoactive effects in case of overdose. In the context of panther fly agaric, scopolamine may be present as an additional component that enhances the anticholinergic effect of the mushroom's active substance complex.

Pharmacological properties of scopolamine

• Anticholinergic effect: The main mechanism of action of scopolamine is to suppress the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.

• Centralizing effect: when penetrating the blood-brain barrier, scopolamine affects the central nervous system, which can lead to sedative effects, impaired coordination, confusion and even hallucinations.

• Antiemetic and antispasmodic action: by reducing signal transmission through muscarinic receptors in the abdominal cavity, scopolamine is able to reduce smooth muscle spasms and prevent nausea and vomiting (this is used, for example, in the treatment of seasickness)

• Peripheral effects: blockade of muscarinic receptors in peripheral tissues leads to dilation of the pupils (mydriasis), decreased salivation, dry mucous membranes, increased heart rate (tachycardia) and decreased secretion of the gastrointestinal glands.

Mechanism of action on the human body

Scolopamine acts as a competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors. This means that it occupies the binding sites of acetylcholine, preventing this neurotransmitter from exerting its physiological effects. The central action occurs after the substance penetrates the blood-brain barrier, where disruption of cholinergic transmission can cause disorientation, memory impairment, drowsiness, or, conversely, excitement and agitation. In peripheral organs, blockade of muscarinic receptors leads to a decrease in smooth muscle tone - relaxation of vascular walls, a decrease in intestinal motility, and a decrease in glandular activity (which manifests itself as dry mouth and decreased gastric secretion). These effects determine both the therapeutic use of scopolamine (for example, in the prevention of motion sickness) and its toxicity when used inappropriately.

Scolopamine in the panther fly agaric

The main active toxic substances of the panther fly agaric are ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are responsible for most of the psychoactive and neurological symptoms of poisoning with this mushroom. Scopolamine has been detected in trace amounts in the panther fly agaric, and its contribution to the overall toxicity may be additive, enhancing anticholinergic effects such as dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and cognitive impairment. Due to the low concentration of scopolamine in the mushroom material, its presence may vary depending on the specific sample, growing conditions, and developmental stage of the mushroom.

Clinical manifestations and precautions

In case of poisoning with panther fly agaric, where in addition to the main complex of substances (ibotenic acid, muscimol) scopolamine may also act, symptoms of anticholinergic intoxication are observed: dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, dilated pupils, impaired coordination of movements, confusion, and sometimes hallucinations and other psychoneurological disorders. Understanding the diversity of active components and their combined effect is of great importance for providing timely medical care in case of poisoning.

In summary, it can be said that scopolamine is a powerful tropane alkaloid with pronounced anticholinergic pharmacological properties, the action of which is due to the blocking of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the panther fly agaric, its content is usually at a low level, but even in trace doses it can enhance the anticholinergic and antispasmodic effects of the general toxic complex of the mushroom.

2.7 HYOSCYAMINE

Hyoscyamine – is one of the alkaloid components that is sometimes mentioned in scientific literature as being part of the panther mushroom (Amanita pantherina). However, it should be noted that, compared to the main active substances of this mushroom (ibotenic acid and muscimol), data on hyoscyamine are less extensive, and its pharmacological properties have not been sufficiently studied. Below is the most detailed description possible, taking into account the available information.

What is hyoscyamine?

Hyoscyamine is a natural alkaloid found in some mushrooms of the genus Amanita. It may be present in the panther fly agaric as a trace component, which, together with more well-known substances (ibotenic acid and muscimol), may have a complex effect on the body. The exact chemical structure of hyoscyamine and its classification require further research, since information about this substance in domestic and foreign sources is poorly presented.

Amount of Hyoscyamine in Panther Amanita

As with other natural toxins, the concentration of hyoscyamine depends on the individual characteristics of the mushroom: species, growing ecology, time of collection and stage of maturation. Due to the low concentration of this component, its effect can be significantly enhanced by combining it with other active substances contained in the mushroom.

Pharmacological properties and proposed mechanism of action

Since hyoscyamine has been studied in much less detail than the main components of panther mushroom, the following characteristics should be considered as preliminary hypotheses supported by limited experimental data:

Potential anticholinergic effects:

Some studies on natural alkaloids of this type indicate the possibility of interaction with acetylcholine receptors, which may lead to a decrease in the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Such an action could manifest itself in dry mucous membranes, dilated pupils, changes in heart rate and a decrease in glandular secretion, which is characteristic of anticholinergic agents.

Effects of hyoscyamine on the central nervous system:

With its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, hyoscyamine has the potential to affect neurotransmission in the brain. Sedative effects, cognitive impairment, or even psychomotor disorders are possible, especially if the effect is enhanced by other components (e.g., in poisoning).

Complex toxic effects:

In the panther fly agaric, hyoscyamine can enter into a synergistic interaction with muscimol and ibotenic acid, which makes it difficult to isolate its individual pharmacological effects. Even at low concentrations, it can aggravate the general anticholinergic picture of intoxication, contributing to the development of symptoms associated with disruption of both the peripheral and central nervous systems.

In summary, hyoscyamine is one of the alkaloids found in panther fly agaric along with the main components such as muscimol and ibotenic acid. Its concentration in the mushroom raw material is usually at a very low level (trace amounts), but possible interactions with other substances may affect the overall toxic picture of poisoning. It is assumed that the pharmacological action of hyoscyamine includes an anticholinergic effect with a potential effect on the central and peripheral nervous system, which is expressed in changes in the work of smooth muscles, secretory functions and cognitive processes.

3. Research on the beneficial properties of panther fly agaric

Historical studies of the panther fly agaric began in the mid-20th century, when scientists began to analyze its chemical composition and effects on the human body. In the 1960s, experiments were conducted in the USSR to study the effects of fly agaric alkaloids on the central nervous system. These studies demonstrated that the active substances contained in the panther fly agaric can have both a stimulating and a sedative effect depending on the dosage. Such a wide range of effects has generated interest in the possible use of fly agarics for medical purposes, especially in the context of cancer. In particular, “it is advisable to take fly agaric tincture in the early stages of cancer, when it has not yet reached chemotherapy and radiation” (Korodetsky, 2005, p. 17). Modern science is actively researching the panther fly agaric in order to identify its potential beneficial properties. In the 2000s, data was published in Germany indicating the ability of fly agaric extracts to reduce stress levels and improve emotional state. This discovery became the basis for the development of new approaches to the treatment of stress conditions and depression. However, “the production of organic products in Russia is not widespread, there are no necessary conditions and a corresponding certification system” (Starovoitova, 2015. 1 p.).

Ongoing research into the chemical composition of the panther mushroom allows us to more accurately determine its properties and possible applications. In recent years, the panther mushroom has gained attention in the context of biohacking, which aims to optimize the body's functions using natural remedies. Data from 2021 shows a growing interest in adaptogens in the United States, including mushrooms, as a way to improve cognitive function and overall well-being. Active substances in the panther mushroom, such as muscimol, stand out due to their potential to positively affect mood and concentration, making this mushroom a promising component in the field of personalized health. On the other hand, areas of environmentally friendly agricultural production, including the wild-growing market, are also actively developing in Russia. This opens up new opportunities for the use of mushrooms such as the panther mushroom. “The most promising areas for the development of environmentally friendly agricultural production in Russia are considered to be: ecological crop production, seed production, cultivation of industrial crops and the wild plant market” (Starovoitova, 2015. 4 p.).

3.1 Potential risks and contraindications

Panther mushroom contains a number of toxic compounds, including muscarine and ibotenic acid, which can have negative effects on the human body. These substances have neurotoxic properties and can cause hallucinations, vomiting, convulsions, and in severe cases, even death.

The toxic effect of these compounds is associated with their ability to affect the central nervous system, changing the normal processes of transmission of nerve impulses. Uncontrolled consumption of the mushroom is especially dangerous, which can lead to serious health consequences. According to toxicological studies, panther fly agaric is especially dangerous for certain groups of the population, such as children, the elderly, and people with chronic liver or kidney disease. These groups are more susceptible to the negative effects of toxic substances, since their bodies are less resistant to the effects of toxins. In addition, the use of panther fly agaric is contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women due to the risk of negative effects on the development of the fetus and baby.

Therefore, it is important to consider the individual characteristics of the organism and consult a doctor before using this mushroom. Use in traditional and alternative medicine Historical context of the use of panther fly agaric Panther fly agaric (Amanita pantherina) has been known in various cultures for centuries for its unique properties.

In particular, in the traditions of Siberian shamans, this mushroom was used in ritual practices. Its psychoactive properties allowed shamans to enter altered states of consciousness, which was considered necessary for communicating with spirits and performing rituals. These practices indicate a deep understanding of the properties of the mushroom and its significance in the spiritual and cultural life of those peoples. At the same time, in medieval Europe, the panther fly agaric was perceived mainly as a poisonous mushroom, which limited its use.

However, in some regions of Europe it was used for medicinal purposes, such as treating skin conditions and relieving pain. These historical references show that knowledge of the panther mushroom varied according to cultural and geographical conditions. The historical use of the panther mushroom in various cultures has allowed a considerable amount of knowledge to be accumulated about its properties and possible uses.

The experience of Siberian shamans and traditional healers in Europe formed the basis for studying this mushroom in modern conditions. For example, understanding its psychoactive and medicinal properties became the basis for scientific research aimed at studying its effect on the human body. The modern perception of the panther fly agaric combines respect for its historical use and the desire to exploit its potential for medical purposes. Thus, an analysis of the historical context allows us to understand how traditional knowledge can be integrated into modern scientific approaches.

3.2 Modern approaches in medicine and examples of use

Panther fly agaric (Amanita pantherina) has a unique chemical composition, including active substances such as muscimol and ibotenic acid. These compounds affect the central nervous system, which makes them an object of interest for medical research. Muscimol, which is an agonist of GABA receptors, exhibits pronounced sedative properties, and ibotenic acid, on the contrary, has an exciting effect. This combination of properties opens up prospects for the use of panther fly agaric in the treatment of neurological diseases that require regulation of nervous activity.

In alternative medicine, panther fly agaric is considered a means of relieving stress and improving sleep quality. Due to the sedative properties of muscimol, panther fly agaric extracts and preparations are used to normalize the psycho-emotional state. In the context of biohacking, this mushroom attracts attention as a natural means of optimizing cognitive functions and improving overall well-being, which corresponds to modern trends in a healthy lifestyle.

Modern research confirms that the active substances of the panther fly agaric have potential for the development of new medical drugs. For example, muscimol is being studied as a treatment for anxiety disorders and insomnia, while ibotenic acid is being considered as a possible component of therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. These studies emphasize the importance of further study of the panther fly agaric within the framework of medical science, which may lead to the creation of innovative medicinal solutions. Korodetsky notes that “the fly agaric is an ideal medicine, a panacea for many diseases, including cancer” (2005, p. 5). Thus, the panther fly agaric may play a significant role in the development of effective methods of treating various diseases.

The panther mushroom (Amanita pantherina) has been used in folk medicine for centuries in various cultures due to its unique properties. In the shamanic traditions of the peoples of Siberia, this mushroom was used for ritual purposes, where its psychoactive properties helped to achieve trance states and interact with the spiritual world. In European folk medicine, the fly agaric was used to treat skin diseases such as eczema and dermatitis, as well as to relieve joint pain. These examples demonstrate how knowledge about the properties of the panther mushroom was passed down from generation to generation, integrating into cultural traditions. The medicinal properties of the panther mushroom in folk medicine were interpreted taking into account the available knowledge about nature and the human body. For example, its ability to affect the nervous system was explained as a means of calming and relieving stress. The use of the mushroom to treat skin diseases was based on its supposed antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Fly agaric is indeed popular in folk medicine; its ointment has anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects, and is also used for joint and spine pain (Korodetsky, 2005, p. 4). Although these interpretations do not always correspond to scientific data, they demonstrate how folk medicine sought to use natural resources to improve health.

3.3 Impact on Healthy Lifestyle and Biohacking: Natural Remedies Trends and Their Importance

In the modern world, there is a steady increase in interest in natural products, which is associated with a growing awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle and environmental sustainability. According to Grand View Research, the global market for natural health and nutrition products will reach $211.1 billion by 2025, indicating a significant increase in demand for such products. This trend is due to changing consumer preferences, which are increasingly focused on environmentally friendly, safe and healthy products. However, the high price of organic products makes them inaccessible to the general population, as Starovoitova points out (2015, p. 1).

Natural products play an important role in maintaining health due to their natural origin and minimal processing. A 2020 study showed that over 60% of consumers prefer products with natural ingredients, confirming their growing popularity. These products often contain bioactive compounds that help improve overall health and prevent various diseases.

3.4 The role of panther mushroom in the concept of biohacking

Panther fly agaric attracts the attention of biohackers due to its unique chemical composition. Substances such as muscimol and ibotenic acid have the ability to affect the nervous system, which can be useful for improving cognitive functions and state of consciousness. Such properties make panther fly agaric an interesting object of study in the context of biohacking. However, the importance of proper dosing and taking precautions when using it is emphasized by experts, as these substances can be toxic if used incorrectly and in excess of dosages. Despite the potential benefits, the use of panther fly agaric is associated with a number of risks.

Incorrect dosage or lack of knowledge about its composition can lead to serious toxic effects, including disturbances in the nervous system. This makes it necessary to conduct additional research and a cautious approach to the use of this mushroom in the context of biohacking. In addition, it is important to take into account the individual characteristics of the body in order to minimize possible negative consequences.

3.5 Prospects for use in healthy nutrition

Panther fly agaric contains a number of biologically active substances that affect the human body. The main ones are muscimol and ibotenic acid. These compounds have a neurotropic effect, affecting the functioning of the central nervous system. Research shows that muscimol has a sedative and relaxing effect, which can be useful for reducing stress levels and improving sleep quality.

In addition, the mushroom contains vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that contribute to the overall strengthening of the body and maintaining health. However, it is important to consider that the exact effect of these components depends on the dosage and method of preparation. Dried panther fly agarics are used in traditional medicine and are considered a potential component of dietary nutrition. Due to their unique properties, they can be used to improve cognitive functions and the general condition of the body. In dietetics, dried mushrooms are often used as dietary supplements to increase the nutritional value of dishes. However, due to the content of active substances, it is important to strictly follow the recommendations for their use in order to avoid possible negative consequences. Modern research is aimed at studying safe ways to use panther fly agaric as a supplement to a healthy diet. Conclusion The study examined the uniqueness of the panther fly agaric, including its biological diversity, chemical composition and potential beneficial properties. It was found that this mushroom occupies a special place in the ecosystem due to its morphological and ecological characteristics, as well as interactions with other organisms. Its historical and modern use in medicine, as well as its role in the concept of biohacking, were analyzed. The study confirmed the importance of panther fly agaric as an object of study in the context of ecology, medicine and healthy lifestyle. Its unique properties make it promising for use in alternative medicine and biohacking, but the identified risks emphasize the need for a responsible approach to its use. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using knowledge about panther fly agaric to develop new approaches in medicine, dietetics and biohacking. The data obtained can be useful for creating innovative products that help improve health and quality of life. Further research can be aimed at a more in-depth study of the chemical composition of panther fly agaric, its effects on the human body, as well as the development of safe methods for its use. This will reveal its potential as a valuable resource in medicine and healthy nutrition.

3.6 Panther fly agaric in the fight against depression and addictions (use in micro doses)

In addition to the wide range of beneficial properties of fly agaric listed above in minimal doses, there is another important aspect that is worth paying attention to. Both subspecies of fly agaric are a natural antidepressant that does not cause addiction.

Moreover, microdosing of Amanita can be used both as a natural alternative to antidepressants and at the end of the course – to alleviate withdrawal symptoms.

It's all about muscimol. It's a natural nootropic and a kind of psychocorrector. Its effect on the nervous system can be briefly described as follows.

• The psychological background is normalized, obsessive thoughts disappear, and a positive worldview is formed.
• Asthenia, seasonal depression, and chronic fatigue disappear, productivity increases, and vitality returns to normal.
• Sleep is normalized by eliminating anxiety, reducing symptoms of emotional disorders, depression, and PTSD.
• When combined with psychotherapy, an accelerated effect of treatment is observed.

What about dependencies?

Muscimol, similar in structure to serotonin, binds to GABA receptors. Its effects are similar to the desired effect of tobacco, alcohol and psychoactive substances. With one important exception - Amanita in microscopic doses is safe, does not have a destructive effect on the body and is not addictive.

The use of fly agaric microdosing in a course as a replacement therapy overcomes the craving for the use of habitual substances - and helps to overcome nicotine, alcohol, drug, medication and food addiction. And all this in a set with the activation of vital forces, normalization of the psychological state and getting rid of obsessive thoughts - frequent reasons for the use of the above substances.

5. Panther and red: is there a difference in chemical composition?

The panther fly agaric is superior to the red one in its effect on the human body. If the red fly agaric contains two main active substances, the panther fly agaric already has four. For this reason, the dosage of the panther fly agaric is significantly lower than the red one. It is better to start getting acquainted with microdosing with the red subspecies - it is better to make friends with the panther one later.

A brief overview of the chemical composition of both mushrooms is presented in the table.

Panther fly agaric – Amanita Pantherina	Red Fly Agaric – Amanita Muscaria
Ibotenic acid – a toxic component that forms muscimol when dried. Muscimol – a psychoactive substance, in small doses it calms the nervous system, normalizes sleep. Directly binds to GABA receptors, does not cause addiction, does not provoke withdrawal syndrome. Muscarine – in microdosing dosage it has a vasodilating effect and affects the heart rate. Bufotenin – is similar in structure to serotonin, the most important neurotransmitter. For this reason, it is used as a natural antidepressant.
Hyoscyamine – (found only in panther fly agaric) in small doses relaxes muscles, affects heart rate, and dilates the bronchi.
Scopolamine (found only in panther fly agaric) natural antispasmodic, in small doses relaxes muscles, relieves pain, affects the tone of the gallbladder, peristalsis, heart rhythm.

Bibliography:

Abiyev S.A., Nam G.A., Asilkhanova R.Z. Edible macromycetes of Central and North-Eastern Kazakhstan / S.A. Abiyev, G.A. Nam, R.Z. Asilkhanova. [b. m.]: [b. i.], [b. g.].[b. s.]. Korodetsky A.V. Fly agaric-healer and other poisonous healers / A.V. Korodetsky. Piter, 2005. 256 p. Starovoitova N.P. Prospects for the development of organic agricultural production in the Omsk region // Fundamental research. 2015. No. 2. pp. 3578–3580.